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PORKER
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PostPosted: Sat Feb 13, 2010 7:30 pm    Post subject: Antibotic use in Agriculture production Reply with quote

Antibotic use in Agriculture production causing MRSA and other health problems.
Link to CBS video below;
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6191894n


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hypocritexposer
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PostPosted: Sat Feb 13, 2010 11:01 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

antibiotics are being given to perfectly healthy Humans also.


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PORKER
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PostPosted: Sun Feb 14, 2010 10:34 am    Post subject: Can the Human Race stay Healthy? eating Antibotics Reply with quote

Since this CBS report featured hogs and chicken, beef use may pick up.


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PostPosted: Sun Feb 14, 2010 10:58 am    Post subject: Re: Can the Human Race stay Healthy? eating Antibotics Reply with quote

PORKER wrote:
Since this CBS report featured hogs and chicken, beef use may pick up.


Why should beef use pick up? Being as the feed lots are as guilty as the pig/chicken growers!


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PostPosted: Mon Feb 15, 2010 6:11 pm    Post subject: Food Safety is HERE ! Reply with quote

Beefing Up Meat Safety in School Lunch Programs
February 15th, 2010

Supplying food for the National School Lunch Program is about to see tighter safety regulations. New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand has sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack in an attempt to tie tighter regulations and higher standards around meat products being consumed by children in school lunch programs. At issue is the frequency with which meat products are tested before they are included in cafeteria lunches. Gillibrand is calling for testing procedures similar to those used in the food industry. She cited Costco and Jack in the Box for having strict testing programs. She is also asking that the USDA to “terminate contracts with any habitual violators of your food safety policies.”

The attempt is part of the senator’s E. coli Eradication Act, legislation she authored that would for the first time federally mandate testing of all ground beef for E. coli. Her goal is to set stricter guidelines for bacteria, which may mean more testing for the livestock and meat production industry.

The highlight of the bill would be a requirement that slaughterhouses, producers and grinding facilities receiving ground meat trimmings use independent testing facilities for the E. coli testing. Also, the testing facilities would be given annual contracts to eliminate the chance of the testing facility being fired by the company as a result of returning too many positive E. coli test results.

For small producers, all is not lost. The bill sets a threshold 25,000 pounds of trim per day. Producers whose business falls under that threshold are given three years to comply with the measure.

The bill will put tighter recall deadlines on meat products; specifically, retailers must be notified of all Class I recalls directly and within 24 hours of a public recall. Also, producers will be expected to develop prevention plans to deal with food-borne hazards. That plan must be accessible by the FDA.
The good news is that the new bill, if passed, puts tighter food safety regulations on imported foods, leveling the playing field for domestic producers.


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mrj
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PostPosted: Mon Feb 15, 2010 7:47 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Anyone interested in FACTS, versus food hysteria agenda's could check the refutation of many of the claims in the CBS story may want to check comments by H. Scott Hurd DVM, PhD at Iowa State U.

www.vetmed.iastate.edu/news/isu-associate-professor-and-former-usda-deputy-undersecretary

http://vetmed.iastate.edu/research/labe/food-risk-modeling-and-policy-lab

Just a few points made:

That was a very small pilot study sampling less than 300 pigs.

There have been organic farms found to be 100% positive for mrsa and some conventional farms using using antibiotics were 100% free of mrsa.

There was a failure to state that there are at least 3 general categories of MRSA

The strain of MRSA associated with livestock is unique (strain 398) and has not been found in human disease surveillance for MRSA in either the US CDC, or the U of Iowa hospitals.

It is very unlikely people interviewed for the CBS story had livestock associated MRSA, and much more likely they had the common community-acquired strain from being in close contact with MRSA infected PEOPLE, not ANIMALS.

There is MUCH more to be found a the website of this highly respected University. How much respect is due CBS these days????



mrj


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PostPosted: Tue Feb 16, 2010 11:34 am    Post subject: re-Anyone interested in FACTS Reply with quote

mrj wrote:
Anyone interested in FACTS, versus food hysteria agenda's could check the refutation of many of the claims in the CBS story may want to check comments by H. Scott Hurd DVM, PhD at Iowa State U.

www.vetmed.iastate.edu/news/isu-associate-professor-and-former-usda-deputy-undersecretary

http://vetmed.iastate.edu/research/labe/food-risk-modeling-and-policy-lab

Just a few points made:

That was a very small pilot study sampling less than 300 pigs.

There have been organic farms found to be 100% positive for mrsa and some conventional farms using using antibiotics were 100% free of mrsa.

There was a failure to state that there are at least 3 general categories of MRSA

The strain of MRSA associated with livestock is unique (strain 398) and has not been found in human disease surveillance for MRSA in either the US CDC, or the U of Iowa hospitals.

It is very unlikely people interviewed for the CBS story had livestock associated MRSA, and much more likely they had the common community-acquired strain from being in close contact with MRSA infected PEOPLE, not ANIMALS.

There is MUCH more to be found a the website of this highly respected University. How much respect is due CBS these days????



mrj



Say what? Confused


MRJ, you would not know a fact, if it slapped you up side the head. the only facts you know about is your bottom dollar $ in your surmation, this is just another blatant attack on the republican farmer, from those blue coat democrats and that mean old katie couric. damn her, it's all her fault. Rolling Eyes


maybe we should look at some more FACTS. Shocked



MRSA ST398 HUMANS

From Emerging Infectious Diseases Staphylococcus aureus ST398, New York City and Dominican Republic Meera Bhat; Caroline Dumortier; Barbara S. Taylor; Maureen Miller; Glenny Vasquez; Jose Yunen; Karen Brudney; Jacqueline Sánchez E.; Carlos Rodriguez-Taveras; Rita Rojas; Patricia Leon; Franklin D. Lowy

Authors and Disclosures

Posted: 05/11/2009; Emerging Infectious Diseases © 2008 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Abstract Closely related Staphylococcus aureus strains of ST398, an animal-associated strain, were identified in samples collected from humans in northern Manhattan, New York, NY, USA, and in the Dominican Republic. A large population in northern Manhattan has close ties to the Dominican Republic, suggesting international transmission.

Introduction

In the past 5 years, as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a community pathogen, awareness of the role of animal exposure from pets or farming as sources of MRSA has increased.[1-3] We identified a clone of S. aureus previously associated with outbreaks of infections in animals and in humans who work with animals in 2 unique collections of S. aureus isolates. The first was from a population-based study of S. aureus colonization among residents of northern Manhattan in New York, NY, USA; the second was from isolates obtained from the Dominican Republic. This clone does not digest with the restriction enzyme SmaI, which is generally used for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Consequently, the clone is identified by multilocus sequence typing as sequence type 398 (ST398). Both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible isolates of S. aureus have been reported.[4] ST398 has been found primarily in Europe, where it has been isolated from pigs and pig farmers in the Netherlands and France and from dogs, pigs, horses, and humans in Germany and Austria.[5-8] Colonization with MRSA ST398 has recently been reported in pigs and pig farmers in Canada.[9]

snip...

The Study

The community-based study was conducted from 2004 through 2007 in the northern section of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Northern Manhattan contains a large, medically underserved population that has close ties to the Dominican Republic. Participants were recruited by using random-digit dialing. Consenting persons and household members were subsequently interviewed and screened for S. aureus colonization. A total of 321 eligible households containing 914 household members participated. In 9 households, 13 participants were found to be colonized with S. aureus isolates that were SmaI resistant. Digestion with the Cfr9I, an isoschizomer of SmaI, yielded identical PFGE profiles (Figure). Subsequent multilocus sequence typing confirmed the ST398 identification (allelic profile 3–35–19–2-20–26–39). All strains were methicillin susceptible. A representative strain was spa-typed as type t571 (allelic profile 8–16–2-25–2-25–34–25, eGenomics type 109); it was Panton-Valentine leukocidin negative.

Characteristics of persons colonized with ST398 were similar to those of persons in the community-based study and with northern Manhattan census characteristics (Table). The 13 isolates were from 9 different families; 1 family had 4 members colonized with ST398 at either nasal or axillary sites. The mean age of those colonized was 33.4 years; only 1 child (7 years of age) was colonized. Two persons from different families were colonized with ST398 at multiple sites, none of which were confirmed as infections.

No household reported owning pets, although 2 reported animal contact. Of the 12 adults, 5 (41.7%) reported possible job exposure to S. aureus, including 1 who worked in a healthcare-associated field. No household reported patronizing viveros, or live poultry markets, which are common in the Latino communities of northern Manhattan and the Bronx. Two households reported having children who attended day care, although none of these children were colonized with S. aureus. Although 15% of the Dominican population in the study reported travel to the

Page 2 of 7

Dominican Republic within 6 months of their interview, none of the colonized participants reported recent travel to the Dominican Republic. No contact among the different households was reported.

snip...


http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/08-0609.pdf



First human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in Spain

C. Potel & M. Álvarez-Fernández & L. Constenla & P. Álvarez & S. Perez Received: 31 July 2009 / Accepted: 13 December 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2010

To the Editor,

An emerging sequence type (ST) 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone producing infections in humans has been detected across Europe [1]. Recent studies indicate that it is widely distributed in farm animals, particularly in pigs, suggesting transmission between animals and humans [2].

The frequency of MRSA ST398 in the Spanish population is unknown. In this study, we present the first three human cases of MRSA ST398 infections admitted to two hospitals in the north-west of Spain.

Forty-four MRSA strains were isolated in 2006 in both hospitals. They were studied by the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coagulase gene patterns and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) [3, 4]. Three non-Sma I typeable MRSA strains were identified; the three strains were EagI PFGE typeable. Next, they were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing [5, 6]. The staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC) mec, the accessory gene regulator (agr) types, and the Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-encoding genes were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-identified [7–9].

The three strains were resistant to tetracycline. Besides, one isolate was resistant to levofloxacin, tobramycin, and erythromycin, and another isolate was resistant to levofloxacin and clindamycin, and susceptible to erythromycin; this rare phenotype has already been described [2]. The three MRSA isolates were identical by RFLP. By EagI PFGE, they were closely related following Tenover’s criteria (Fig. 1) [10]. All isolates were ST398, SCCmec-V, agr-1, and PVL genes-negative. They belonged to three spa types; t108, t011, and t1255.

The age of the three patients was 59, 82, and 83 years, respectively. Two patients owned pigs and the other a calf. Two patients were diabetic and were hospitalized because they developed skin and soft-tissue infections by MRSA ST398. The third patient had bronchitis and the strain was isolated from a respiratory secretion submitted to the laboratory from an outpatient clinic. The three patients had had multiple hospital admissions in the last 12 months.

As it has been described previously, the ST398 isolates were resistant to tetracycline [2]. Only another strain from the 44 MRSA strains studied was also resistant to tetracycline. This one belonged to the ST239 clone that was epidemic in north-west Spain until 2002, and since then, it has scarcely been isolated [3]. The ST239 clone is easily identified because of the homogeneity in the resistance profile (it is also resistant to levofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol) [3]. Therefore, it can be stated that the resistance to tetracycline could be a local marker for a presumptive identification of the ST398 clone.


http://www.springerlink.com/content/p8866u775tvm51w5/fulltext.pdf?page=1



Volume 16, Number 1–January 2010

Letter

Skin Lesion Caused by ST398 and ST1 MRSA, Spain1

Carmen Aspiroz, Carmen Lozano, Ana Vindel, Juan J. Lasarte, Myriam Zarazaga, and Carmen Torres Author affiliations: Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain (C. Aspiroz); Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain (C. Lozano, M. Zarazaga, C. Torres); Centro Nacional Microbiología, Madrid, Spain (A. Vindel); and Centro Salud San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza (J.J. Lasarte)

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: Human infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 398 (ST398) have been emerging in recent years in Europe (1,2). Pigs represent a common reservoir of MRSA ST398, and working with these animals may constitute a risk factor for MRSA carriage and possible infection (2–4). We report a case of human infection caused by MRSA ST398 in Spain.

SEE FULL TEXT ;


http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/1/157.htm



Eurosurveillance, Volume 13, Issue 9, 28 February 2008

Rapid communications

First outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in a Dutch hospital, June 2007

M WH Wulf (mireille.wulf@gmail.com)1, A Markestein2, F T van der Linden3, A Voss4, C Klaassen4, C M Verduin1,2

1. Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven, the Netherlands 2. Department of Hospital Infection Control, St Anna Hospital, Geldrop, the Netherlands 3. Department of Surgery, St Anna Hospital, Geldrop, the Netherlands 4. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

We describe the first outbreak of non-typable methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a surgical ward in the Netherlands in June 2007. Nine cases of infection and/or colonisation were found among patients and healthcare workers.

Background

In the Netherlands, the proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among clinical isolates of S. aureus is still low [1], but community-acquired MRSA occurs more frequently [2]. This increase is mainly caused by so called ‘non-typable’ MRSA (NTMRSA, i.e. not typable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with Sma1 restriction digest [3]) belonging to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) type ST398 [4].

These strains are widely disseminated among pigs, veal calves and people in contact with pigs [5-8]. An association between the use of antibiotics in pig farming and the dissemination of these strains has been suggested [6,8], since the majority of ST398 MRSA are tetracycline-resistant and oxytetracyclins are the most frequently used antibiotics in pig farming.

Transmission within families, as well as single cases of colonised healthcare workers, have been described [5]. One report indicates possible healthcare-acquired infections with a Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)- positive ST398 strain in China [9], but no nosocomial transmission to multiple patients or healthcare workers has occurred in the Netherlands to date.

Outbreak description

In June 2007, MRSA was cultured from a diabetic foot ulcer of a patient on a surgical ward. Subsequent screening of contacts among patients and healthcare workers revealed four additional patients with MRSA infection and/or colonisation and five healthcare workers who carried MRSA.

Two of the five affected patients (one with prostate carcinoma and one with a diabetic foot) were successfully decolonised with mupirocin nasal ointment, chlorhexidine wash, and treatment with trimetoprim/rifampicin.

A further colonised patient with a gastro-intestinal malignancy and two patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers remained colonised, despite several decolonisation regimens.

Of 238 healthcare workers who were screened, five were colonised in the nose and/or throat and had no skin conditions. All five have been treated with mupirocin nasal ointment and chlorhexidine wash and successfully decolonised.

All strains were resistant to tetracycline and non-typable by PFGE. Spa-typing showed that all strains were spa-type t567. This spa-type corresponds to MLST type 398, a type previously found in pigs.

None of the patients had had contact with pigs or veal calves. One healthcare worker lived on the grounds of a pig farm but neither she nor her partner came into contact with pigs themselves. While we presume that this health care worker was the source of the infection, this could not be proven. Permission to sample the pigs on this farm was not granted.

Conclusions

The NT-MRSA strain responsible for this outbreak was spa-type t567, which corresponds to MLST type ST398, the clonal complex to which most of NT-MRSA strains belong. This outbreak shows that transmission on a larger scale than a one-on-one transmission between caretaker and patient can occur with NT-MRSA in a hospital setting.

References


http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N09/art8051.pdf



EDITORIAL

MRSA in livestock animals—an epidemic waiting to happen?

M. Wulf 1 and A. Voss 2,3 1 PAMM Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven , 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Corresponding author and reprint requests: A. Voss, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail: vossandreas@gmail.com Copyright © 2008 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases KEYWORDS Community-acquired MRSA • epidemiology • livestock • methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus • pig farming • ST398 ABSTRACT

Screening of pig farmers and pigs in The Netherlands has revealed that >20% of pig farmers and 39% of slaughterhouse pigs are positive for an unusual strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) belonging to sequence type (ST) 398. It is now clear that the emergence of ST398 is not just a Dutch problem, with human infections being described in several European countries, Canada and Singapore. Furthermore, some human isolates have now acquired the genes encoding Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Livestock may become an important source of community-acquired MRSA. A concerted effort on the part of clinicians, infection control practitioners and veterinarians will be required to prevent further spread of this novel strain of MRSA.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI) 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x About DOI


http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119414762/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0



Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 May; 15(5): 845–847. doi: 10.3201/eid1505.081417. PMCID: PMC2687035

Copyright notice

Community-acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Infection, Italy

Angelo Pan, Antonio Battisti, Alessia Zoncada, Francesco Bernieri, Massimo Boldini, Alessia Franco, Maurilio Giorgi, Manuela Iurescia, Silvia Lorenzotti, Mario Martinotti, Monica Monaci, and Annalisa Pantosti Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy (A. Pan, A. Zoncada, F. Bernieri, S. Lorenzotti, M. Martinotti) Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy (A. Battisti, A. Franco, M. Iurescia) Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Cremona (M. Boldini) Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Cremona, Cremona (M. Giorgi) Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome (M. Monaci, A. Pantosti)

Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Angelo Pan, Divisione di Malattie Infettive, Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Largo Priori 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy; email: a.pan@ospedale.cremona.it

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, community acquired, MRSA, ST398, pig strain, bloodstream infection, letter

To the Editor: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has been identified in livestock animals (particularly pigs), veterinarians, and animal farm workers (1,2). CA-MRSA strains from pigs have been classified most frequently within the multilocus sequence type (ST) 398 (1) and have been rarely identified as a cause of invasive infection in humans (1,3,4). We report a case of invasive infection in a pig-farm worker in Cremona, Italy, an intensive animal farming area; the infection was caused by MRSA of swine origin, ST398.

full text ;


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687035/



EID Journal Home > Volume 16, Number 2–February 2010

Volume 16, Number 2–February 2010 Letter Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398, Italy Laura Soavi, Roberto Stellini, Liana Signorini, Benvenuto Antonini, Palmino Pedroni, Livio Zanetti, Bruno Milanesi, Annalisa Pantosti, Alberto Matteelli, Angelo Pan, and Giampiero Carosi Author affiliations: University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (L. Soavi, R. Stellini, L. Signorini, A. Matteelli, G. Carosi); Presidio Ospedaliero di Manerbio, Manerbio, Italy (B. Antonini, P. Pedroni, L. Zanetti, B. Milanesi); Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (A. Pantosti); and Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy (A. Pan)

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: It has recently become apparent that livestock can constitute a new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) reservoir and be a source of a novel and rapidly emerging type of MRSA. These livestock-associated MRSA clones are nontypeable by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SmaI and belong to sequence type (ST) 398 (1). MRSA ST398 clones account for 20% of all MRSA in the Netherlands (2), but the emergence of such clones has been described worldwide (3). Although ST398 transmission has been reported primarily between animals, persons with occupational exposure to livestock are at higher risk for MRSA carriage than the general population. Even though MRSA ST398 usually causes colonization, several cases of infections of variable clinical relevance, varying from skin and soft tissue infections (4) to endocarditis (5) and pneumonia (6), have been described over the past few years. Most instances of ST398 human carriers have been identified among persons who work at pig farms (7). Data regarding MRSA colonization of dairy farmers are less exhaustive and, to our knowledge, only 1 instance of direct transmission between cattle and humans has been proven. MRSA isolates from cows with subclinical mastitis in 2007 in Hungary were indistinguishable from MRSA isolates from the tonsil swab of a farmer who worked with these animals (Cool. We report a case of MRSA ST398 invasive disease in a cattle farmer, as well as a case of MRSA ST398 necrotizing fasciitis


http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/2/346.htm



Volume 15, Number 7–July 2009 Dispatch Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Swine Farm Personnel, Belgium Olivier Denis, Carl Suetens,1 Marie Hallin, Boudewijn Catry, Ilse Ramboer, Marc Dispas, Glenda Willems, Bart Gordts, Patrick Butaye, and Marc J. Struelens Author affiliations: Université Libre de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (O. Denis, M. Hallin, M.J. Struelens); Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels (C. Suetens, B. Catry, I. Ramboer); Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels (M. Dispas, G. Willems, P. Butaye); and AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge, Belgium (B. Gordts)

Abstract We assessed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in persons on 49 swine farms in Belgium. Surveys showed that 48 (37.8%) persons carried MRSA ST398 and 1 (0.8%) had concurrent skin infection. Risk factors for carriage were MRSA carriage by pigs, regular contact with pigs and companion animals, and use of protective clothing.

snip...

Conclusions Human carriage of MRSA was associated with swine colonization with MRSA. Prevalence rate (38%) was higher than that for hospitalized patients or nursing home residents in Belgium (www.nsih.be/surv_mrsa/download_fr.asp). MRSA isolates from farmers belonged to closely related spa types corresponding to ST398, which are unrelated to hospital- and community-acquired strains but identical to strains from humans in contact with pigs in other European countries (1,2,10).

Despite the high prevalence of nasal MRSA, active MRSA skin infection was detected infrequently (<1%), within the range described in recent US-based studies (11). In a hospital in the Netherlands, a lower attack rate was found for MRSA ST398 than for other MRSA strains (12). However, invasive infections caused by MRSA ST398 have been reported, suggesting that this genotype is pathogenic for humans (2). In our study, MRSA strains did not harbor exotoxin.

Two MRSA genotypes were predominant. For 70% of farms with multiple MRSA carriers, all strains belonged to the same genotype, suggesting transmission within the farm. Although these strains have been shown to not spread easily in hospitals (12), outbreaks of MRSA ST398 in a residential care facility and a hospital probably originated from healthcare workers living on pig farms (13,14). In contrast with MRSA strains, MSSA isolates in our study showed diverse genotypes that frequently colonize human populations (4). MSSA isolates from 3 farmers belonged to the ST398 genotype, which is infrequently reported in humans except in pig farmers with contact with pigs (4).

Risk factors for MRSA ST398 carriage included regular contact with pigs but also with horses and dogs (10), suggesting that different animals could be MRSA ST398 reservoirs or vectors, at least on pig farms. Protective measures did not seem to reduce the risk of becoming colonized with MRSA; this lack of effectiveness has previously been observed for veterinarians (15). This apparent lack of protection should be further investigated to determine routes of transmission other than direct contact with pigs, including airborne transmission and contact with contaminated surfaces and companion animals.


http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/7/1098.htm



doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.044 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Permissions & Reprints

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis in Belgian cows

Wannes Vanderhaeghena, b, , , , Tineke Cerpentierc, Connie Adriaensena, Jo Viccac, Katleen Hermansb and Patrick Butayea, b

a Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium

b Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

c University College KaHo Sint-Lieven, Association Catholic University Leuven, Department of Agro- and Biotechnology, Hospitaalstraat 23, 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium

Received 28 October 2009; revised 24 December 2009; accepted 28 December 2009. Available online 11 January 2010.

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is infrequently reported in mastitis. Yet, as in many other countries, the prevalence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus from mastitis is currently unknown in Belgium.

To elucidate this, the presence of mecA was investigated in 118 S. aureus strains originating from diagnostic mastitis milk samples from 118 different farms experiencing S. aureus mastitis. MRSA strains were characterized by disk diffusion susceptibility testing, spa-typing, MLST and SCCmec-typing. In an additional study, four MRSA-positive farms were selected to assess the in-herd prevalence of MRSA, by sampling all cows in lactation. Isolated MRSA strains were similarly characterized.

The mecA gene was detected in 11 (9.3%) of the 118 S. aureus isolates, indicating that nearly 10% of the Belgian farms suffering from S. aureus mastitis have an MRSA problem. The in-herd prevalence varied between 0% and 7.4%. Characterization of the MRSA strains showed that they were all resistant to tetracycline. Additional resistances to macrolides, lincosamides and aminoglycosides were frequently detected. The strains were ST398, spa-types t011 or t567 and had SCCmec-type IVa or V, proving that they belong to the emerging livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains of CC398.

Our study shows that after detection in Belgian pigs, horses and poultry, LA-MRSA has also attained Belgian cattle. It is the first report on frequent isolation of LA-MRSA from bovine infections. As the in-herd isolation rate resembles that of regular S. aureus in farms experiencing S. aureus mastitis, the multi-resistance of LA-MRSA strains may cause future treatment problems.

Keywords: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA; Mastitis; Belgium; ST398; Multidrug resistance


http://www.sciencedirect.com/


High occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in equine nasal samples

A. Van den Eedea, , , A. Martensa, U. Lipinskab, M. Struelensc, A. Deplanoc, O. Denisc, F. Haesebrouckb, F. Gasthuysa and K. Hermansb

aDepartment of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

bDepartment of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

cLaboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

Received 30 March 2008; revised 23 June 2008; accepted 26 June 2008. Available online 5 July 2008.

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections do occur in equine patients. Little is known, however, about their origin and the general equine MRSA colonization status. In West European horses in particular, neither the colonization rate nor the present strains or their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are known.

In the present study, a sample of 110 (Belgian, French, Dutch and Luxemburg) horses presented at a Belgian equine clinic was screened for nasal MRSA carriage. An indirect culturing protocol using a 0.001% colistin and nalidixic acid containing broth was compared to a direct agar method. Phenotypic identification following growth on a chromogenic MRSA screening agar (ChromID™ MRSA) was combined with genotypic analysis (PCR, PFGE, SCCmec, spa, and MLST typing). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested through disk diffusion.

Twelve (10.9%) horses carried MRSA, with the enrichment protocol resulting in a significantly higher isolation rate. None of the isolated strains were typeable through SmaI PFGE. They all harboured SCCmec type IVa or V and belonged to spa type t011 or t1451 of the ST398 lineage. All isolates were tetracycline resistant and sulfonamide and enrofloxacin susceptible. Macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim and aminoglycoside susceptibility varied and in total five different antimicrobial resistance patterns were distinguished.

These results show that ST398 is certainly present in West European horses. Due to its known interspecies transmission and the structure of the equine industry, the presence of this clone in horses poses a substantial health hazard for both animals and humans.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA; Horse; Nasal colonization, ST398


http://www.sciencedirect.com/



Veterinary Microbiology Volume 141, Issues 1-2, 24 February 2010, Pages 96-102

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel: An investigation of several outbreaks

E. van Duijkerena, , , M. Molemanb, M.M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaanb, J. Multema, A. Troelstrac, A.C. Fluitc, W.J.B. van Wameld, D.J. Houwersa, A.J. de Neelinge and J.A. Wagenaara, f

a Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

b Department of Equine Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

c Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

d Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

e National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

f Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands

Received 29 May 2009; revised 9 July 2009; accepted 3 August 2009. Available online 8 August 2009.

Abstract

At the Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Center, the Netherlands, the percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates found in equine clinical samples increased from 0% in 2002 to 37% in 2008. MRSA of spa-type t064, belonging to MLST ST8 and spa-types t011 and t2123, both belonging to the livestock-associated MLST ST398, predominated.

During an outbreak of post-surgical MRSA infections in horses at a veterinary teaching hospital in 2006/2007, MRSA isolates of spa-type t2123 were cultured from 7 horses and 4/61 personnel which indicated zoonotic transmission. After intervention the outbreak stopped. However, another outbreak occurred in 2008, where 17 equine MRSA isolates of spa-type t011 (n = 12), t2123 (n = 4), and t064 (n = 1) were found. This time, 16/170 personnel were positive for MRSA with spa-type t011 (n = 11) and t2123 (n = 5). Personnel in close contact with horses were more often MRSA-positive (15/106) than those without (1/64).

Screening of horses upon admission showed that 9.3% were MRSA-positive predominantly with spa-type t011. Weekly cross-sectional sampling of all hospitalized horses for 5 weeks showed that 42% of the horses were MRSA-positive at least once, again predominantly with spa-type t011, which suggests that nosocomial transmission took place. Fifty-three percent of the environmental samples were MRSA-positive, including samples from students’ and staff members’ rooms, and all were spa-type t011. This indicates that humans contribute to spreading the organism. Culturing of samples employing high-salt pre-enrichment performed better than a comparable method without pre-enrichment.

Our results show that nosocomial transmission occurs in equine clinics and suggests that personnel play a role in the transmission.

Keywords: Horse; MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; Transmission; Environment


http://www.sciencedirect.com/


Preventive Veterinary Medicine Volume 91, Issues 2-4, 1 October 2009, Pages 270-273

Short communication Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats living on pig farms

A.W. van de Giessen, a, , M.G. van Santen-Verheuvela, P.D. Hengevelda, T. Boscha, E.M. Broensa and C.B.E.M. Reuskena

aCentre for Infectious Disease Control Nertherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Received 20 March 2009; revised 8 May 2009; accepted 8 May 2009. Available online 11 June 2009.

Abstract In The Netherlands, MRSA ST398 has emerged in hospitals and human carriers have been associated with exposure to pigs and cattle. High prevalences of MRSA ST398 in pigs and pig farmers have been determined and the transmission routes of MRSA on pig farms need to be elucidated. In the south of the Netherlands, in recent years, the black rat (Rattus rattus) has emerged as a prominent rodent on livestock farms. From March till May 2008, a survey on MRSA in rats living on livestock farms in the south of The Netherlands and the north of Belgium was conducted. In total, 40 black rats (R. rattus) and 3 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were collected on 12 farms including five pig farms, five poultry farms, one mixed pig and veal farm and one goat farm. MRSA ST398 was detected in black rats captured at two of the five pig farms as well as in a black rat living on the mixed pig and veal farm. From one black rat captured at another pig farm MRSA ST 97 was isolated. Considering the behaviour of rats on livestock farms, it is concluded that rats might play a role in the spread and persistence of MRSA on pig farms.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; Methicillin resistance; Swine; Transmission; Rats; Rodents

Article Outline


http://www.sciencedirect.com/


JAC Advance Access originally published online on October 21, 2009 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009 64(6):1325-1326; doi:10.1093/jac/dkp378


© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Research letters

Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in food samples of animal origin in Spain Carmen Lozano, María López, Elena Gómez-Sanz, Fernanda Ruiz-Larrea, Carmen Torres and Myriam Zarazaga* Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Corresponding author. Tel: +34-941-299751; Fax: +34-941-299721; E-mail: myriam.zarazaga@unirioja.es Keywords: MRSA , food microbiology , ST398 , ST125 , ST217


Sir,

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains belonging to clonal lineage sequence type (ST) 398 are being reported at an increasing frequency in Europe.1 This new MRSA type has been isolated from colonized and infected animals and humans, and also from meat in some countries,1,2 representing a risk to human health; nevertheless, so far, no data about detection of MRSA ST398 in food in Spain have been published.


http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/64/6/1325



doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.007 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat


E. de Boera, , , J.T.M. Zwartkruis-Nahuisa, B. Wita, X.W. Huijsdensc, A.J. de Neelingc, T. Boschc, R.A.A. van Oosteromb, A. Vilaa and A.E. Heuvelinka

aFood and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA), PO Box 202, 7200 AE Zutphen, The Netherlands

bFood and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA), PO Box 19506, 2500 CM Den Haag, The Netherlands

cNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Received 13 August 2008; revised 18 November 2008; accepted 7 December 2008. Available online 13 December 2008.

Abstract Recently the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from several food-producing animals has been reported. During slaughtering of MRSA-positive animals, contamination of carcasses with MRSA may occur and consequently the meat of these animals may get contaminated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in raw meat samples from the retail trade.

Samples of raw beef, pork, veal, lamb/mutton, chicken, turkey, fowl and game were collected from the retail trade. A detection method including a two-step enrichment in Mueller–Hinton broth + 6.5% NaCl and phenol red mannitol broth containing ceftizoxime and aztreonam, followed by isolation on MRSA ID agar (bioMérieux) was evaluated and subsequently applied for the detection of MRSA in samples of raw meats.

MRSA strains were isolated from 264 (11.9%) of 2217 samples analyzed. Isolation percentages for the meat species were: beef (10.6%), veal (15.2%), lamb and mutton (6.2%), pork (10.7%), chicken (16.0%), turkey (35.3%), fowl (3.4%) and game (2.2%). The majority (85%) of the isolated strains belonged to spa-types of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) non-typeable (NT)-MRSA, corresponding to the multilocus sequence type ST398, a type also recently isolated in the Netherlands from pigs. However, a smaller part of these strains were found to be of other ST's, possibly of human origin.

Further studies are needed to elucidate transmission routes of MRSA in relation to meat and other foods and to provide the tools for preventing the spread of MRSA. At present the high prevalence of MRSA in meat has not been shown to contribute significantly to the dissemination of MRSA to humans and the possible health hazard for consumers of the presence of MRSA in foods should be further elucidated.

Keywords: MRSA; Meat; MLST; spa-Typing


http://www.sciencedirect.com/


Thursday, February 11, 2010

Denmark's Case for Antibiotic-Free Animals NEW YORK, Feb. 10, 2010

snip...

According to one study, when different countries introduced certain antibiotics on farms, a surge occurred in people contracting antibiotic resistant intestinal infections one to two years later. One infection, Campylobacter, increased 20 percent in Denmark and 70 percent in Spain.

After the ban, a Danish study confirmed that removing antibiotics from farms drastically reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and food.

Danish scientists believe if the U.S. doesn't stop pumping its farm animals with antibiotics, drug-resistant diseases in people will only spread.

"It's not going to be a time bomb that goes off like this," said Dr. Frank Aarestrup, of the Danish Food Institute at the University of Denmark. "It's something that's slowly getting more and more complicated, more difficult for us to actually treat infections.

Rep. Slaughter's "Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act"

Some American food producers agree.

"It's just gone too far," said Stephen McDonnell, CEO Applegate Farms.

snip...see full text ;


http://staphmrsa.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.html



TSS


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Broke Cowboy
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 16, 2010 12:17 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Terry

Someday you will actually post something that I will read - you know - something less than 600 words - neatly divided up into paragraphs and summing up your point.

And in fact, I am sure you have a point or two that might be valid - however, I just cannot beat myself about my naked upper body with a willow branch until I bleed.

Many of us - probably most of us - are not the scientific, fact driven, religious fanatics you want us to be.

You just do not get it - you lose more than 95% of your audience in the vast majority of cases. Possibly ALL your cases.

We - myself included - have told you this over and over.

We are not rabid fanatics - you want to educate me then do so - but do it in a manner that is interesting, informative and educational. Or at a minimum, readable.

Remember that boring nasal monotone the English teacher used that would put the entire class to sleep while discussing Wuthering Heights?

That is you my friend. That is you.

You might have something interesting to say, but I simply cannot bring myself to read it.

Try making your story interesting and to the point and you might, just might, gain an audience.

I bet you did not hear. I actually have come to believe, over the years, you do not want to hear.

You want to TELL.

So - one last time in a very short sentence.

Your delivery is why you fail in many / most cases.

So listen, learn and advance towards success.

In the end, if you do not change, you simply become more noise in the wind and people tend to block that noise out.

I am sure you will ignore this and continue - but I thought I might try - just one more time.

Regards

BC


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Faster horses
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 16, 2010 1:20 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Very true, BC. I didn't read it either; way too long.


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PORKER
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 16, 2010 3:46 pm    Post subject: You Betcha !!!! Reply with quote

Facts Link;

http://www.pigprogress.net/weblog/pig-health/drug-dilemmas-3935.html


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Soapweed
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 16, 2010 7:57 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Very well said, Broke Cowboy.


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RobertMac
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PostPosted: Wed Feb 17, 2010 12:46 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

BC wrote:
I just cannot beat myself about my naked upper body with a willow branch until I bleed.

Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh

Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh Laugh


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