Subject: Position Statement vCJD and Dentistry SEAC UPDATE DISTURBING
Date: June 9, 2007 at 7:52 am PST
SEAC
Position Statement
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Position Statement vCJD and Dentistry
Issue
1. The Department of Health (DH) asked SEAC to advise on the findings of
preliminary research aimed at informing estimates of the risk of variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) transmission via dentistry.
Background
2. Prions are more resistant than other types of infectious agent to the
conventional cleaning and sterilisation practices used to decontaminate
dental instruments1. Appreciable quantities of residual material may remain
adherent to the surface after normal cleaning and sterilisation2. Therefore,
if dental tissues are both infectious and susceptible to infection, then
dental instruments are a potential mechanism for the secondary transmission
of vCJD. Dentistry could be a particularly significant route of transmission
for the population as a whole, due to the large number of routine procedures
undertaken and also because dental patients have a normal life expectancy.
This is in contrast with other transmission routes, such as blood
transfusion and neurosurgery, where procedures are often carried out in
response to some life-threatening condition. Additionally, the ubiquity of
dental procedures and the lack of central records on dental procedures means
that should such transmission occur, then it would be difficult to detect
and control.
3. No cases of vCJD transmission arising from dental procedures have been
reported to date 3 . Previous DH risk assessments4,5 have focused on two
possible mechanisms for the transfer of vCJD infectivity via dental
instruments; accidental abrasion of the lingual tonsil and endodontic
procedures that involve contact with dental pulp. In considering these
assessments, SEAC agreed that the risk of transmission via accidental
abrasion of the lingual tonsil appears very low. However, the risk of
transmission via endodontic procedures may be higher and give rise to a self
sustaining vCJD epidemic under circumstances where (i) dental pulp is
infective, (ii) transmission via endodontic instruments is efficient and
(iii) a large proportion of vCJD infections remain in a subclinical carrier
state (SEAC 91, February 2006). In light of this, SEAC advised that
restricting endodontic files and reamers to single use be considered 6. SEAC
recommended reassessment of these issues as new data emerge.
New research
4. Preliminary, unpublished results of research from the Health Protection
Agency, aimed at addressing some of the uncertainties in the risk
assessments, were reviewed by SEAC (SEAC 97, May 2007). The prion agent used
in these studies is closely related to the vCJD agent. This research, using
a mouse model, shows that following inoculation of mouse-adapted bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) directly into the gut, infectivity
subsequently becomes widespread in tissues of the oral cavity, including
dental pulp, salivary glands and gingiva, during the preclinical as well as
clinical stage of disease.
5. It is not known how closely the level and distribution of infectivity in
the oral cavity of infected mice reflects those of humans infected with
vCJD, as there are no comparable data from oral tissues, in particular
dental pulp and gingiva, from human subclinical or clinical vCJD cases7.
Although no abnormal prion protein was found in a study of human dental
tissues, including dental pulp, salivary glands and gingiva from vCJD cases
, the relationship between levels of infectivity and abnormal prion protein
is unclear8. Infectivity studies underway using the mouse model and oral
tissues that are presently available from human vCJD cases will provide some
comparable data. On the basis of what is currently known, there is no reason
to suppose that the mouse is not a good model for humans in respect to the
distribution of infectivity in oral tissues. Furthermore, the new data are
consistent with published results from experiments using a hamster scrapie
model9 .
6. A second set of experiments using the same mouse model showed that
non-invasive and transient contact between gingival tissue and fine dental
files contaminated with mouse-adapted BSE brain homogenate transmits
infection very efficiently. It is not known how efficient gingival
transmission would be if dental files were contaminated with infectious oral
tissues and then subsequently cleaned and sterilised, a situation which
would more closely model human dental practice. Further studies using the
mouse model that would be more representative of the human situation,
comparing oral tissues with a range of doses of infectivity, cleaned and
sterilised files and the kind of tissue contact with instruments that occurs
during dentistry, should be considered.
7. SEAC considered that the experiments appear well designed and the
conclusions justified and reliable, while recognising that the research is
incomplete and confirmatory experiments have yet to be completed. It is
recommended that the research be completed, submitted for peer-review and
widely disseminated as soon as possible so others can consider the
implications. Nevertheless, these preliminary data increase the possibility
that some oral tissues of humans infected with vCJD may potentially become
infective during the preclinical stage of the disease. In addition, they
increase the possibility that infection could potentially be transmitted not
only via accidental abrasion of the lingual tonsil or endodontic procedures
but a variety of routine dental procedures. Implications for transmission
risks
8. The new findings help refine assumptions made about the level of
infectivity of dental pulp and the stage of incubation period when it
becomes infective in the risk assessment of vCJD transmission from the reuse
of endodontic files and reamers10. For example, if one patient in 10 000
were to be carrying infection (equivalent to about 6 000 people across the
UK – the best current estimate11), the data suggest that in the worst case
scenario envisaged in the risk assessment, re-use of endodontic files and
reamers might lead to up to 150 new infections per annum. It is not known
how many of those infected would go on to develop clinical vCJD. In
addition, transmission via the re-use of endodontic files and reamers could
be sufficiently efficient to cause a self-sustaining vCJD epidemic arising
via this route.
9. These results increase the importance of obtaining reliable estimates of
vCJD infection prevalence. Data that will soon be available from the
National Anonymous Tonsil Archive may help refine this assessment and
provide evidence of the existence and extent of subclinical vCJD infection
in tonsillectomy patients. Further data, such as from post mortem tissue or
blood donations, will be required to assess prevalence in the general UK
population12.
10. Recent guidance issued by DH to dentists to ensure that endodontic files
and reamers are treated as single use13 is welcomed and should, as long as
it is effectively and quickly implemented, prevent transmission and a
self-sustaining epidemic arising via this route. However, the extent and
monitoring of compliance with this guidance in private and National Health
Service dental practice is unclear.
11. The new research also suggests that dental procedures involving contact
with other oral tissues, including gingiva, may also be capable of
transmitting vCJD. In the absence of a detailed risk assessment examining
the potential for transmission via all dental procedures, it is not possible
to come to firm conclusions about the implications of these findings for
transmission of vCJD. However, given the potential for transmission by this
route serious consideration should be given to assessing the options for
reducing transmission risks such as improving decontamination procedures and
practice or the implementation of single use instruments.
12. The size of the potential risk from interactions between the dental and
other routes of secondary transmission, such as blood transfusion and
hospital surgery, to increase the likelihood of a self-sustaining epidemic
is unclear.
13. It is likely to be difficult to distinguish clinical vCJD cases arising
from dietary exposure to BSE from secondary transmissions via dental
procedures, should they arise, as a large proportion of the population is
likely both to have consumed contaminated meat and undergone dentistry.
However, an analysis of dental procedures by patient age may provide an
indication of the age group in which infections, if they occur, would be
most likely to be observed. Should the incidence of clinical vCJD cases in
this age group increase significantly, this may provide an indication that
secondary transmission via dentistry is occurring. Investigation of the
dental work for these cases may provide supporting data. There is no clear
evidence, to date, based on surveillance or investigations of clinical vCJD
cases, that any vCJD cases have been caused by dental procedures but this
possibility cannot be excluded.
Conclusions
14. Preliminary research findings suggest that the potential risk of
transmission of vCJD via dental procedures may be greater than previously
anticipated. Although this research is incomplete, uses an animal model
exposed to relatively high doses of infectivity, and there are no data from
infectivity studies on human oral tissues, these findings suggest an
increased possibility that vCJD may be relatively efficiently transmitted
via a range of dental procedures. Ongoing infectivity studies using human
oral tissues and the other studies suggested here will enable more precise
assessment of the risks of vCJD transmission through dental procedures.
15. Guidance was issued to dentists earlier this year recommending that
endodontic files and reamers be treated as single use which, provided it is
adhered to, will remove any risk of a self-sustaining epidemic arising from
re-use of these instruments. To minimise risk it is critical that
appropriate management and audit is in place, both for NHS and private
dentistry.
16. It is also critical that a detailed and comprehensive assessment of the
risks of all dental procedures be conducted as a matter of urgency. While
taking into account the continuing scientific uncertainties, this will allow
a more thorough consideration of the possible public health implications of
vCJD transmission via dentistry and the identification of possible
additional precautionary risk reduction measures. The assessment will
require continued updating as more evidence becomes available on the
transmissibility of vCJD by dental routes, and on the prevalence of
infection within the population. A DH proposal to convene an expert group
that includes dental professionals to expedite such an assessment is
welcomed. Given the potential for transmission via dentistry, consideration
should be given to the urgent assessment of new decontamination technologies
which, if proved robust and effective, could significantly reduce
transmission risks.
SEAC
June 2007
References
1Smith et al. (2003) Prions and the oral cavity. J. Dent. Res. 82, 769-775.
2Smith et al. (2005) Residual protein levels on reprocessed dental
instruments. J. Hosp. Infect. 61, 237-241.
3Everington et al. (2007) Dental treatment and risk of variant CJD – a case
control study. Brit. Den. J. 202, 1-3.
4Department of Health. (2003) Risk assessment for vCJD and dentistry.
5 Department of Health (2006) Dentistry and vCJD: the implications of a
carrier-state for a self-sustaining epidemic. Unpublished.
6SEAC (2006) Position statement on vCJD and endodontic dentistry.
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement0506.htm
7Head et al. (2003) Investigation of PrPres in dental tissues in variant
CJD. Br. Dent. J. 195, 339-343.
8SEAC 90 reserved business minutes.
9Ingrosso et al. (1999) Transmission of the 263K scrapie strain by the
dental route. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 3043-3047.
10Department of Health (2006) Dentistry and vCJD: the implications of a
carrier-state for a self-sustaining epidemic. Unpublished.
11Clarke & Ghani (2005) Projections of future course of the primary vCJD
epidemic in the UK: inclusion of subclinical infection and the possibility
of wider genetic susceptibility R. J. Soc. Interface. 2, 19-31.
12SEAC Epidemiology Subgroup (2006) position statement of the vCJD epidemic.
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state260106subgroup.htm
13DH (2007) Precautionary advice given to dentists on re-use of instruments
http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=279256&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False
Page updated: 8 June, 2007
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state-vcjd-dentrstry.htm
(DH) Precautionary advice given to dentists on vCJD
Thu Apr 19, 2007 11:11
70.110.92.6
http://neurotalk.psychcentral.com/showthread.php?p=89728
Evidence For
CJD/TSE Transmission
Via Dental Instruments
From Terry S. Singletary, Sr
[email protected]
1-24-3
http://www.rense.com/general34/evi.htm
MASTER DENTIST FALLS VICTIM TO CJD
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=sanet-mg&P=19835
USA MAD COW STRAIN MORE VIRULENT TO HUMANS THAN UK STRAIN
18 January 2007 - Draft minutes of the SEAC 95 meeting (426 KB) held on 7
December 2006 are now available.
snip...
64. A member noted that at the recent Neuroprion meeting, a study was
presented showing that in transgenic mice BSE passaged in sheep may be more
virulent and infectious to a wider range of species than bovine derived BSE.
Other work presented suggested that BSE and bovine amyloidotic spongiform
encephalopathy (BASE) MAY BE RELATED. A mutation had been identified in the
prion protein gene in an AMERICAN BASE CASE THAT WAS SIMILAR IN NATURE TO A
MUTATION FOUND IN CASES OF SPORADIC CJD.
snip...
http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/95.pdf
3:30 Transmission of the Italian Atypical BSE (BASE) in Humanized Mouse
Models Qingzhong Kong, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Pathology, Case Western
Reserve
University
Bovine Amyloid Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE) is an atypical BSE strain
discovered recently in Italy, and similar or different atypical BSE cases
were also reported in other countries. The infectivity and phenotypes of
these atypical BSE strains in humans are unknown. In collaboration with
Pierluigi Gambetti, as well as Maria Caramelli and her co-workers, we have
inoculated transgenic mice expressing human prion protein with brain
homogenates from BASE or BSE infected cattle. Our data shows that about half
of the BASE-inoculated mice became infected with an average incubation time
of about 19 months; in contrast, none of the BSE-inoculated mice appear to
be infected after more than 2 years.
***These results indicate that BASE is transmissible to humans and suggest
that BASE is more virulent than
classical BSE in humans.***
6:30 Close of Day One
http://www.healthtech.com/2007/tse/day1.asp
SEE STEADY INCREASE IN SPORADIC CJD IN THE USA FROM
1997 TO 2006. SPORADIC CJD CASES TRIPLED, with phenotype
of 'UNKNOWN' strain growing. ...
http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/resources-casereport.html
There is a growing number of human CJD cases, and they were presented last
week in San Francisco by Luigi Gambatti(?) from his CJD surveillance
collection.
He estimates that it may be up to 14 or 15 persons which display selectively
SPRPSC and practically no detected RPRPSC proteins.
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/2006-4240t1.pdf
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BMJ
vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.
15 November 1999
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#5406
BMJ
U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as
well...
2 January 2000
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#6117
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
MARCH 26, 2003
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States
Email Terry S. Singeltary:
[email protected]
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to
comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging
forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE
transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate
phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest
sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable
nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every
state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to
expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are
sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in
the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and
CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by
intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other
TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every
victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this
agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose
others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there
should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena
from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic
CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1
Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Newsdesk
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America
Xavier Bosch
Available online 29 July 2003.
Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463
“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my
mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD)
and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we
have not been told the truth. CWD
in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.”
............................
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf
see history of cjd questionnaire
http://brain.hastypastry.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2408
sporadic CJD, the big lie
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0705&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=25276
TSS
Date: June 9, 2007 at 7:52 am PST
SEAC
Position Statement
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Position Statement vCJD and Dentistry
Issue
1. The Department of Health (DH) asked SEAC to advise on the findings of
preliminary research aimed at informing estimates of the risk of variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) transmission via dentistry.
Background
2. Prions are more resistant than other types of infectious agent to the
conventional cleaning and sterilisation practices used to decontaminate
dental instruments1. Appreciable quantities of residual material may remain
adherent to the surface after normal cleaning and sterilisation2. Therefore,
if dental tissues are both infectious and susceptible to infection, then
dental instruments are a potential mechanism for the secondary transmission
of vCJD. Dentistry could be a particularly significant route of transmission
for the population as a whole, due to the large number of routine procedures
undertaken and also because dental patients have a normal life expectancy.
This is in contrast with other transmission routes, such as blood
transfusion and neurosurgery, where procedures are often carried out in
response to some life-threatening condition. Additionally, the ubiquity of
dental procedures and the lack of central records on dental procedures means
that should such transmission occur, then it would be difficult to detect
and control.
3. No cases of vCJD transmission arising from dental procedures have been
reported to date 3 . Previous DH risk assessments4,5 have focused on two
possible mechanisms for the transfer of vCJD infectivity via dental
instruments; accidental abrasion of the lingual tonsil and endodontic
procedures that involve contact with dental pulp. In considering these
assessments, SEAC agreed that the risk of transmission via accidental
abrasion of the lingual tonsil appears very low. However, the risk of
transmission via endodontic procedures may be higher and give rise to a self
sustaining vCJD epidemic under circumstances where (i) dental pulp is
infective, (ii) transmission via endodontic instruments is efficient and
(iii) a large proportion of vCJD infections remain in a subclinical carrier
state (SEAC 91, February 2006). In light of this, SEAC advised that
restricting endodontic files and reamers to single use be considered 6. SEAC
recommended reassessment of these issues as new data emerge.
New research
4. Preliminary, unpublished results of research from the Health Protection
Agency, aimed at addressing some of the uncertainties in the risk
assessments, were reviewed by SEAC (SEAC 97, May 2007). The prion agent used
in these studies is closely related to the vCJD agent. This research, using
a mouse model, shows that following inoculation of mouse-adapted bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) directly into the gut, infectivity
subsequently becomes widespread in tissues of the oral cavity, including
dental pulp, salivary glands and gingiva, during the preclinical as well as
clinical stage of disease.
5. It is not known how closely the level and distribution of infectivity in
the oral cavity of infected mice reflects those of humans infected with
vCJD, as there are no comparable data from oral tissues, in particular
dental pulp and gingiva, from human subclinical or clinical vCJD cases7.
Although no abnormal prion protein was found in a study of human dental
tissues, including dental pulp, salivary glands and gingiva from vCJD cases
, the relationship between levels of infectivity and abnormal prion protein
is unclear8. Infectivity studies underway using the mouse model and oral
tissues that are presently available from human vCJD cases will provide some
comparable data. On the basis of what is currently known, there is no reason
to suppose that the mouse is not a good model for humans in respect to the
distribution of infectivity in oral tissues. Furthermore, the new data are
consistent with published results from experiments using a hamster scrapie
model9 .
6. A second set of experiments using the same mouse model showed that
non-invasive and transient contact between gingival tissue and fine dental
files contaminated with mouse-adapted BSE brain homogenate transmits
infection very efficiently. It is not known how efficient gingival
transmission would be if dental files were contaminated with infectious oral
tissues and then subsequently cleaned and sterilised, a situation which
would more closely model human dental practice. Further studies using the
mouse model that would be more representative of the human situation,
comparing oral tissues with a range of doses of infectivity, cleaned and
sterilised files and the kind of tissue contact with instruments that occurs
during dentistry, should be considered.
7. SEAC considered that the experiments appear well designed and the
conclusions justified and reliable, while recognising that the research is
incomplete and confirmatory experiments have yet to be completed. It is
recommended that the research be completed, submitted for peer-review and
widely disseminated as soon as possible so others can consider the
implications. Nevertheless, these preliminary data increase the possibility
that some oral tissues of humans infected with vCJD may potentially become
infective during the preclinical stage of the disease. In addition, they
increase the possibility that infection could potentially be transmitted not
only via accidental abrasion of the lingual tonsil or endodontic procedures
but a variety of routine dental procedures. Implications for transmission
risks
8. The new findings help refine assumptions made about the level of
infectivity of dental pulp and the stage of incubation period when it
becomes infective in the risk assessment of vCJD transmission from the reuse
of endodontic files and reamers10. For example, if one patient in 10 000
were to be carrying infection (equivalent to about 6 000 people across the
UK – the best current estimate11), the data suggest that in the worst case
scenario envisaged in the risk assessment, re-use of endodontic files and
reamers might lead to up to 150 new infections per annum. It is not known
how many of those infected would go on to develop clinical vCJD. In
addition, transmission via the re-use of endodontic files and reamers could
be sufficiently efficient to cause a self-sustaining vCJD epidemic arising
via this route.
9. These results increase the importance of obtaining reliable estimates of
vCJD infection prevalence. Data that will soon be available from the
National Anonymous Tonsil Archive may help refine this assessment and
provide evidence of the existence and extent of subclinical vCJD infection
in tonsillectomy patients. Further data, such as from post mortem tissue or
blood donations, will be required to assess prevalence in the general UK
population12.
10. Recent guidance issued by DH to dentists to ensure that endodontic files
and reamers are treated as single use13 is welcomed and should, as long as
it is effectively and quickly implemented, prevent transmission and a
self-sustaining epidemic arising via this route. However, the extent and
monitoring of compliance with this guidance in private and National Health
Service dental practice is unclear.
11. The new research also suggests that dental procedures involving contact
with other oral tissues, including gingiva, may also be capable of
transmitting vCJD. In the absence of a detailed risk assessment examining
the potential for transmission via all dental procedures, it is not possible
to come to firm conclusions about the implications of these findings for
transmission of vCJD. However, given the potential for transmission by this
route serious consideration should be given to assessing the options for
reducing transmission risks such as improving decontamination procedures and
practice or the implementation of single use instruments.
12. The size of the potential risk from interactions between the dental and
other routes of secondary transmission, such as blood transfusion and
hospital surgery, to increase the likelihood of a self-sustaining epidemic
is unclear.
13. It is likely to be difficult to distinguish clinical vCJD cases arising
from dietary exposure to BSE from secondary transmissions via dental
procedures, should they arise, as a large proportion of the population is
likely both to have consumed contaminated meat and undergone dentistry.
However, an analysis of dental procedures by patient age may provide an
indication of the age group in which infections, if they occur, would be
most likely to be observed. Should the incidence of clinical vCJD cases in
this age group increase significantly, this may provide an indication that
secondary transmission via dentistry is occurring. Investigation of the
dental work for these cases may provide supporting data. There is no clear
evidence, to date, based on surveillance or investigations of clinical vCJD
cases, that any vCJD cases have been caused by dental procedures but this
possibility cannot be excluded.
Conclusions
14. Preliminary research findings suggest that the potential risk of
transmission of vCJD via dental procedures may be greater than previously
anticipated. Although this research is incomplete, uses an animal model
exposed to relatively high doses of infectivity, and there are no data from
infectivity studies on human oral tissues, these findings suggest an
increased possibility that vCJD may be relatively efficiently transmitted
via a range of dental procedures. Ongoing infectivity studies using human
oral tissues and the other studies suggested here will enable more precise
assessment of the risks of vCJD transmission through dental procedures.
15. Guidance was issued to dentists earlier this year recommending that
endodontic files and reamers be treated as single use which, provided it is
adhered to, will remove any risk of a self-sustaining epidemic arising from
re-use of these instruments. To minimise risk it is critical that
appropriate management and audit is in place, both for NHS and private
dentistry.
16. It is also critical that a detailed and comprehensive assessment of the
risks of all dental procedures be conducted as a matter of urgency. While
taking into account the continuing scientific uncertainties, this will allow
a more thorough consideration of the possible public health implications of
vCJD transmission via dentistry and the identification of possible
additional precautionary risk reduction measures. The assessment will
require continued updating as more evidence becomes available on the
transmissibility of vCJD by dental routes, and on the prevalence of
infection within the population. A DH proposal to convene an expert group
that includes dental professionals to expedite such an assessment is
welcomed. Given the potential for transmission via dentistry, consideration
should be given to the urgent assessment of new decontamination technologies
which, if proved robust and effective, could significantly reduce
transmission risks.
SEAC
June 2007
References
1Smith et al. (2003) Prions and the oral cavity. J. Dent. Res. 82, 769-775.
2Smith et al. (2005) Residual protein levels on reprocessed dental
instruments. J. Hosp. Infect. 61, 237-241.
3Everington et al. (2007) Dental treatment and risk of variant CJD – a case
control study. Brit. Den. J. 202, 1-3.
4Department of Health. (2003) Risk assessment for vCJD and dentistry.
5 Department of Health (2006) Dentistry and vCJD: the implications of a
carrier-state for a self-sustaining epidemic. Unpublished.
6SEAC (2006) Position statement on vCJD and endodontic dentistry.
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement0506.htm
7Head et al. (2003) Investigation of PrPres in dental tissues in variant
CJD. Br. Dent. J. 195, 339-343.
8SEAC 90 reserved business minutes.
9Ingrosso et al. (1999) Transmission of the 263K scrapie strain by the
dental route. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 3043-3047.
10Department of Health (2006) Dentistry and vCJD: the implications of a
carrier-state for a self-sustaining epidemic. Unpublished.
11Clarke & Ghani (2005) Projections of future course of the primary vCJD
epidemic in the UK: inclusion of subclinical infection and the possibility
of wider genetic susceptibility R. J. Soc. Interface. 2, 19-31.
12SEAC Epidemiology Subgroup (2006) position statement of the vCJD epidemic.
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state260106subgroup.htm
13DH (2007) Precautionary advice given to dentists on re-use of instruments
http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=279256&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False
Page updated: 8 June, 2007
http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state-vcjd-dentrstry.htm
(DH) Precautionary advice given to dentists on vCJD
Thu Apr 19, 2007 11:11
70.110.92.6
http://neurotalk.psychcentral.com/showthread.php?p=89728
Evidence For
CJD/TSE Transmission
Via Dental Instruments
From Terry S. Singletary, Sr
[email protected]
1-24-3
http://www.rense.com/general34/evi.htm
MASTER DENTIST FALLS VICTIM TO CJD
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=sanet-mg&P=19835
USA MAD COW STRAIN MORE VIRULENT TO HUMANS THAN UK STRAIN
18 January 2007 - Draft minutes of the SEAC 95 meeting (426 KB) held on 7
December 2006 are now available.
snip...
64. A member noted that at the recent Neuroprion meeting, a study was
presented showing that in transgenic mice BSE passaged in sheep may be more
virulent and infectious to a wider range of species than bovine derived BSE.
Other work presented suggested that BSE and bovine amyloidotic spongiform
encephalopathy (BASE) MAY BE RELATED. A mutation had been identified in the
prion protein gene in an AMERICAN BASE CASE THAT WAS SIMILAR IN NATURE TO A
MUTATION FOUND IN CASES OF SPORADIC CJD.
snip...
http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/95.pdf
3:30 Transmission of the Italian Atypical BSE (BASE) in Humanized Mouse
Models Qingzhong Kong, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Pathology, Case Western
Reserve
University
Bovine Amyloid Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE) is an atypical BSE strain
discovered recently in Italy, and similar or different atypical BSE cases
were also reported in other countries. The infectivity and phenotypes of
these atypical BSE strains in humans are unknown. In collaboration with
Pierluigi Gambetti, as well as Maria Caramelli and her co-workers, we have
inoculated transgenic mice expressing human prion protein with brain
homogenates from BASE or BSE infected cattle. Our data shows that about half
of the BASE-inoculated mice became infected with an average incubation time
of about 19 months; in contrast, none of the BSE-inoculated mice appear to
be infected after more than 2 years.
***These results indicate that BASE is transmissible to humans and suggest
that BASE is more virulent than
classical BSE in humans.***
6:30 Close of Day One
http://www.healthtech.com/2007/tse/day1.asp
SEE STEADY INCREASE IN SPORADIC CJD IN THE USA FROM
1997 TO 2006. SPORADIC CJD CASES TRIPLED, with phenotype
of 'UNKNOWN' strain growing. ...
http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/resources-casereport.html
There is a growing number of human CJD cases, and they were presented last
week in San Francisco by Luigi Gambatti(?) from his CJD surveillance
collection.
He estimates that it may be up to 14 or 15 persons which display selectively
SPRPSC and practically no detected RPRPSC proteins.
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/2006-4240t1.pdf
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BMJ
vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.
15 November 1999
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#5406
BMJ
U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as
well...
2 January 2000
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#6117
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
MARCH 26, 2003
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States
Email Terry S. Singeltary:
[email protected]
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to
comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging
forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE
transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate
phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest
sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable
nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every
state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to
expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are
sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in
the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and
CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by
intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other
TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every
victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this
agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose
others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there
should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena
from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic
CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1
Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Newsdesk
Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America
Xavier Bosch
Available online 29 July 2003.
Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463
“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my
mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD)
and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we
have not been told the truth. CWD
in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.”
............................
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf
see history of cjd questionnaire
http://brain.hastypastry.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2408
sporadic CJD, the big lie
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0705&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=25276
TSS