Mad cow disease may hold clues to other neurological disorders
Published December 04, 2012
The Wall Street Journal
Scientists believe new ways to treat Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Lou Gehrig's disease could emerge from research into another neurodegenerative disorder: mad-cow disease.
The rare bovine disorder, which infects cattle, and the human form, called Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, both fall into a category of so-called prion diseases, caused by aberrant proteins that spread aggressively from cell to cell.
While the human variant of mad-cow disease isn't normally lumped together with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or Lou Gehrig's disease, which affect millions of mostly older people world-wide, the conditions share the ability to spread and wreak havoc through the body. And although there isn't evidence that these more common neurological disorders are transmissible to people, researchers are finding that each condition is associated with a similar deformation in the structure of particular proteins needed for normal healthy functioning.
Dozens of diseases are believed to be linked to deformed proteins, including Type 2 diabetes, cataracts and a type of emphysema. What sets prion diseases apart is the ability of their aberrant proteins to induce healthy ones in other cells to also become deformed, leading to brain damage and dementia. In laboratory work with mice, evidence is emerging that Alzheimer's and other major neurodegenerative conditions may follow a similar pattern.
Deformed proteins can't be mended, but stopping cell-to-cell spread provides a new therapeutic target. "Arrest it and we can potentially stop the disease," says Neil R. Cashman, a neurologist in the Brain Research Centre at University of British Columbia, who conducts research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease. Dr. Cashman also works as chief scientific officer of a biotech company developing possible ALS therapies based on this method.
Proteins, after being formed in the body, take on a three-dimensional shape in a process called folding. Each protein has a distinctive folded shape that is essential for it to carry out its functions, such as regulating body processes and warding off infection. Failure to fold into the correct shape produces inactive proteins that are often toxic. Cells have mechanisms to get rid of misfolded proteins, but aging and other factors can slow or harm this process. In so-called prion diseases, the toxic proteins spread from cell to cell and induce healthy proteins to misfold.
In one experiment, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, injected a synthetic version of the toxic protein associated with Parkinson's disease into the brains of healthy mice. In a paper published in Science in November, they showed how the toxic protein spread from cell to cell in a prion-like fashion, resulting in the death of crucial dopamine-making neurons in the animals. The mice exhibited symptoms similar to those in humans with Parkinson's disease, including impaired motor coordination and balance.
Virginia Lee, who led the research team and is director of the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research at Penn, says they are now testing an antibody therapy that would stop the toxic misfolded proteins from spreading in the mice. If it works, it could provide a possible therapy to test in people with Parkinson's disease.
Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/12/04/mad-cow-disease-may-hold-clues-to-other-neurological-disorders/#ixzz2E94dzJi9
